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Imperatritsa Mariya-class battleship
The ''Imperatritsa Mariya''-class ((ロシア語:''Императрица Мария'')) battleships were the first dreadnoughts built for the Black Sea Fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy. All three ships were built in Nikolayev during World War I; two of the ships were built by the Rossud Dockyard and the third was built by the Associated Factories and Shipyards of Nikolayev ((ロシア語:ONZiV)). Two ships were delivered in 1915 and saw some combat against ex-German warships that had been 'gifted' to the Ottoman Empire, but the third was not completed until 1917 and saw no combat due to the disorder in the navy after the February Revolution earlier that year.
was sunk by a magazine explosion in Sevastopol harbor in 1916. , having been renamed ''Svobodnaya Rossiya'' in 1917, was scuttled in Novorossiysk harbor in 1918 to prevent her from being turned over to the Germans as required by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The crew of ''Volia'', as had been renamed in 1917, voted to turn her over to the Germans. They were only able to make one training cruise before they had to turn her over the victorious Allies in 1918 as part of the armistice terms. The British took control of her, but turned her over to the White Russians in 1920 who renamed her ''General Alekseyev''. She only had one operable gun turret by this time and she provided some fire support for the Whites, but it was not enough. They were forced to evacuate the Crimea later that year and sailed with Wrangel's fleet to Bizerte (Tunisia) where she was interned by the French. She was eventually scrapped there during the 1930s to pay her docking fees.
==Design and development==
The Naval Ministry began planning a class of dreadnoughts for the Black Sea Fleet in 1910 when they learned that the Ottomans were on the verge of ordering dreadnoughts of their own from the British. This rumor proved to false, but the Russians had decided that they should continue the design process for the time when the Ottomans did procure dreadnoughts of their own. Preliminary specifications were issued on 12 August 1910〔All dates used in this article are New Style〕 for a design based on that of the s then being built for the Baltic Fleet. was thought to be excessive in the confined environs of the Black Sea so the new design was capable of only which allowed more weight to be devoted to more guns or heavier armor. A main armament of a dozen guns in four triple turrets was specified in the same 'linear' non-superfiring arrangements as the ''Gangut''s. The sixteen anti-torpedo boat guns of the Ganguts were replaced by twenty /55 B7 Pattern 1913 guns to counter the ever-increasing size of torpedo boats. The maximum elevation of the 12-inch guns was to be increased to 35°, 10° more than in the ''Gangut''-class ships, and turret armor was to be increased from to .〔McLaughlin, p. 229–30〕
A design competition was announced in July 1911, but there were not many contenders. The Naval Ministry favored the design from the Russud Works and gave preliminary orders for three ships on 2 September, even before the competition was concluded in November. Russud's design was unsurprisingly selected and the government transferred designers from the government-owned Baltic Works as well as a complete set of drawings for the ''Gangut''-class to speed up the detailed design process.〔McLaughlin, pp. 230–31〕
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